How did Mongolia manage to export mineral resources to Japan and South Korea? The Mongolian fruit has no outlet to the sea.

Mongolia has been the subject of much heated discussion, with some calling it the most unfortunate country because of its lack of access to the sea, despite which it maintains a small navy; Others think it is the safest country because it is fully protected by the two great powers of China and Russia.

In theory, Mongolia is surrounded by Russia and China, and can live happily as long as it maintains good relations with these two giants and exports its resources to them.

Mongolia, however, is a restless country that has been increasingly engaged with Japan and South Korea in recent years.

This makes one wonder how Mongolia, as a landlocked country with no sea access, could trade with these countries.

Mongolia, a country located in the middle of the Asian continent, is famous for its vast grasslands, unique ethnic culture and rich natural resources.

It borders Russia to the north and China to the south, with a total area of 1,566,500 square kilometers, second only to Kazakhstan, and is the second largest landlocked country in the world.

Although Mongolia is not the most visible member of the world economy, its rich mineral resources have attracted the attention of the world, especially in the export of coal, copper, gold and other mineral resources.

Mongolia's economic structure is heavily dependent on the development and export of its mineral resources.

In recent years, with the increasing demand for mineral resources in the international market, Mongolia's resource export industry has shown a vigorous momentum of development.

Of all the mineral resources, coal, copper and gold exports and revenues are the most significant, and the main buyers of these resources are mainly concentrated in Asia's two largest economies: China and Russia.

China is Mongolia's largest trading partner and its most important resource export destination.

According to statistics, about 90% of Mongolia's mineral resources are exported to China, of which coal exports occupy an absolute dominant position.

China, the world's largest energy consumer, has a huge demand for coal, and Mongolia's geographical location on the border with China makes it easier to transport coal.

In addition, copper and gold, as important industrial raw materials and investment commodities, are also one of Mongolia's main mineral resources exported to China.

However, in recent years, Mongolia has frequently broken coal agreements with China, showing its unstable side.

Russia is also one of Mongolia's major resource exporters.

Although Russia is a resource-rich country in its own right, it still needs imports from Mongolia for certain mineral resources, notably uranium and some rare metals.

Although Mongolia exports less resources to Russia than to China, it still accounts for a certain share of bilateral economic cooperation.

In addition to its two main neighbors, China and Russia, Mongolia's mineral resources are also exported to South Korea, Japan and some European countries, but the scale is nowhere near that of exports to China and Russia.

These countries mainly import Mongolia's copper, gold and other minerals to support their domestic industrial production and economic development.

During the Soviet era, as part of the socialist bloc, Mongolia had close ties with the Soviet Union.

The Soviet Union played a decisive role in the construction and development of Mongolia's railway system, laying the foundation for subsequent economic development and foreign exchanges.

However, with the collapse of the Soviet Union, Mongolia's railway system has gradually revealed its aging side, which is directly reflected in the aging of railway infrastructure, the inconvenience of train operation and the difficulty of maintenance.

Compared with other more advanced modes of transportation, the railway is lower in cost but slower, which to some extent limits the rapid development of Mongolia's economy.

In addition, due to the limitations of railway routes, only China and Russia can be reached, which also limits Mongolia's options in international trade.

In recent years, Mongolia has begun to focus on improving and developing its railway system, especially to strengthen the infrastructure construction of rail links with China and Russia.

For example, Mongolia has partnered with China to develop new rail lines to the border to transport coal and other mineral resources more efficiently.

At the same time, Mongolia is also exploring railway cooperation with Russia to improve railway infrastructure, broaden its access to foreign transport and increase interaction with the international market.

Although Mongolia's railway system is backward, this does not mean that its mineral exports are blocked.

Through cooperation with its neighbors, especially China, Mongolia is gradually opening up avenues for mineral exports.

China has a well-developed railway and port infrastructure, providing important access for Mongolia's mineral exports.

In 2014, China and Mongolia further deepened bilateral cooperation and signed a series of important cooperation agreements.

Under these agreements, China opened seven major ports in the north (including Dalian, Jinzhou, Yantai, Rizhao, Qinhuangdao, Qingdao and Huanghua) to Mongolia.

These important ports in northern China provide convenient conditions for the export of Mongolian minerals.

Although these ports may freeze in the winter, they will not have a significant impact on ship traffic due to the relatively thin ice.

Thus, although Mongolia has no access to the sea, it has been able to successfully export its mineral resources to international markets through cooperation with neighboring countries, especially China.